Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Passeriformes

Family: Fringillidae
Vigors, 1825

Genera
Many, see text

Finches are passerine birds, often seed-eating, found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. One subfamily is endemic to the Neotropics. The taxonomic structure of the true finch family, Fringillidae, is somewhat disputed, with some including the Hawaiian honeycreepers as another subfamily (Drepanidinae) and/or uniting the cardueline and fringilline finches as tribes (Carduelini and Fringillini) in one subfamily; the euphonious finches were thought to be tanagers due to general similarity in appearance and mode of life until their real affinities were realized[citation needed]; the buntings and American sparrows were formerly considered another subfamily (Emberizinae). Przewalski's "Rosefinch" (Urocynchramus pylzowi) is now classified as a distinct, monotypic family with no particularly close relatives[citation needed].

"Classic" or true finches are small to moderately large and have a strong, stubby beaks, which in some species can be quite large. All have 12 tail feathers and 9 primaries. They have a bouncing flight, alternating bouts of flapping with gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Their nests are basket-shaped and built in trees.

Male Whydah

There are many birds in other families which are often called finches. These include many species in the very similar-looking Estrildids or waxbill family, which occur in the Old World tropics and Australia. Several groups of the Emberizidae family (buntings and American sparrows) are also named as finches, including the Darwin's finches of the Galapagos islands, which provided evidence of Darwin's theory of evolution.



Systematics
The systematics of the cardueline finches are contentious. The layout presented here follows the molecular studies of Marten & Johnson (1986) and Arnaiz-Villena et al. (1998, 2001), and takes into account the traditional splitting of the genus Carduelis. The exact position of several genera in the cardueline sequence is tentative.



Family Fringillidae
Subfamily Fringillinae - Fringilline finches; contains only three species, which feed their young on insects rather than seeds.
Genus Fringilla - Bramblings and chaffinches
Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)
Blue Chaffinch (Fringilla teydea)
Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla)
Subfamily Carduelinae - Cardueline finches; a much larger group that contains several genera which feed their young on seeds.
Genus Eophona - Oriental grosbeaks
Genus Mycerobas - Mycerobas Grosbeaks
Genus Pinicola - Pine grosbeak
Genus Pyrrhula - Bullfinches
Genus Leucosticte - Mountain finches
Genus N.N. - Dark-breasted Rosefinch, "Carpodacus" nipalensis (possibly belongs into Fringillinae)
Genus Carpodacus - Rosefinches (may be 2 or 3 genera; probably includes Haematospiza and possibly also Uragus)
Genus Haematospiza - Scarlet Finch
Genus Uragus - Streaked rosefinches
Genus Serinus - Canaries, seedeaters, serins and African siskins
Genus Carduelis sensu lato
(Sub)Genus Carduelis sensu stricto - Linnets, goldfinches, twite and cardueline siskins.
(Sub)Genus Chloris - greenfinches and desert finch
(Sub)Genus Acanthis - redpolls
(Sub)Genus Loxia - Crossbills
Genus Rhodopechys - Trumpeter Finch and relatives
Genus Coccothraustes - Hawfinch, Evening Grosbeak
Genus Pyrrhoplectes - Gold-naped Finch
Genus Chaunoproctus - Bonin Grosbeak (extinct)
Genus Callacanthis - Spectacled Finch
Genus Neospiza - Sao Tomé Grosbeak
Genus Linurgus - Oriole Finch
Genus Rhynchostruthus - Golden-winged Grosbeak
Subfamily Euphoniinae - Euphonious finches; endemic to the Neotropics; formerly treated in Thraupidae.
Genus Euphonia, the euphonias
Genus Chlorophonia, the chlorophonias


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Fringillidae
References
Arnaiz-Villena, A.; Álvarez-Tejado, M.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; García-de-la-Torre, C.; Varela, P.; Recio, M. J.; Ferre. S. & Martínez-Laso, J. (1998): Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 54(9): 1031–1041. DOI:10.1007/s000180050230 PDF fulltext. Erratum, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 55(1): 148. DOI:10.1007/s000180050280 PDF fulltext
Arnaiz-Villena, A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58: 1159–1166. PDF fulltext
Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan & Davis, John (1993): Finches and Sparrows: an identification guide. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-8017-2
Marten, Jill A. & Johnson, Ned K. (1986): Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches. Condor 88(4): 409-420. PDF fulltext

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